Snake Bite First Aid: A Life-Saving Guide for Everyone

Summertime brings sunshine, outdoor adventures, and, unfortunately, the increased presence of snakes in gardens, hiking trails, and even backyards. While most snakes are harmless, venomous snake bites can be life-threatening if not treated promptly and correctly. Knowing how to administer proper snake bite first aid can make all the difference in an emergency. This guide will walk you through the symptoms of venomous snake bites, essential first aid steps, and what to avoid. Let’s dive in!  

Understanding Venomous Snakes 

Snakes fall into two broad categories: non-venomous and venomous. Venomous snakes, which pose the greatest risk, can be further divided into two main groups based on their venom type: 

1. Elapidae Snakes (e.g., Cobras, Kraits, Mambas, Death Adders):

These snakes produce neurotoxic venom, which affects the nervous system. Symptoms may include: 

• Double vision or drooping eyelids 
• Difficulty opening the mouth or swallowing 
• Muscle weakness or paralysis 
• Respiratory distress 

2. Viperidae Snakes (e.g., Russell’s Vipers, Saw-Scaled Vipers):

These snakes produce hematotoxic and cytotoxic venom, which damages blood cells and tissues. Symptoms may include: 

• Bleeding from the gums, nose, or eyes 
• Blood in urine, stool, or vomit 
• Severe pain and swelling at the bite site 
• Internal bleeding 

It’s crucial to remember that not all snake bites result in venom injection. About 25% of pit viper bites and up to 75% of sea snake bites are “dry bites,” where no venom is released¹. However, it’s always better to err on the side of caution and treat every bite as potentially venomous.

Snake Bite First Aid: What to Do 

If you or someone nearby is bitten by a snake, follow these steps immediately: 

1. Stay Calm and Reassure the Victim: Panic can increase heart rate, spreading venom faster. Keep the victim as calm and still as possible. 
2. Call for Emergency Help: Dial your local emergency number (e.g., 911 or your country’s equivalent) to request an ambulance. Time is critical in snake bite cases. 
3. Remove Tight Clothing or Jewelry: Swelling can occur rapidly, so remove any constrictive items near the bite site. 
4. Clean the Bite Area: Gently wash the bite with soap and water to reduce the risk of infection. Cover it with a clean, sterile dressing. 
5. Immobilize the Affected Limb: Use a splint or sling to keep the bitten limb still. Movement can accelerate venom spread. 
6. Apply a Pressure Bandage (for Neurotoxic Bites): If the bite is from a neurotoxic snake (e.g., cobra or krait), wrap the entire limb with an elastic bandage. The pressure should be firm but not too tight—you should still be able to feel a pulse. 
7. Monitor the Victim’s Condition: Watch for signs of shock, difficulty breathing, or loss of consciousness. Be prepared to perform CPR if necessary.
8. Transport to the Hospital: Once emergency services arrive, ensure the victim is taken to the nearest hospital with antivenom capabilities.  

What NOT to Do 

• Do Not Cut or Suck the Wound: This outdated method can cause infection and worsen tissue damage. 
• Do Not Apply a Tourniquet: Restricting blood flow can lead to severe complications. 
• Do Not Attempt to Catch the Snake: Instead, take a photo from a safe distance to help medical professionals identify the species. 
• Do Not Rely on Traditional Remedies: Seek professional medical help immediately. 

Prevention Tips 

• Wear sturdy boots and long pants when hiking or working in snake-prone areas. 
• Avoid walking through tall grass or reaching into areas where snakes may hide. 
• Use a flashlight at night to spot snakes on paths. 

Final Thoughts 

Snake bites are a serious medical emergency, but knowing the right first aid steps can save lives. Remember, staying calm, immobilizing the bite area, and seeking immediate medical attention are the most effective ways to handle a snake bite. 

Have you or someone you know experienced a snake bite? Share your story or ask questions in the comments below. Let’s spread awareness and help each other stay safe!

References

1. World Health Organization (WHO). Snakebite Envenoming

2. American Red Cross. First Aid for Snake Bites